Ocular Centrism and the Other Senses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ocular Centrism and the Other Senses - Essay Example The author traces such an ocular centric culture from the renaissance era during which individualism took shape and found more application during the industrial era of the 19th and 20th century that have led to the present technological dependence of mankind, however, he also cites a few examples of ocular centric architecture as early as the age of the Greeks. In addition, the author feels that significance given to the power of sight has been witnessed in the architectural structures and the culture of the respective periods. For example, a person with blindness is considered severely disabled when compared to one who is deaf. The ocular centric nature of succeeding cultures has not only led to an increasing dominance of sight and its influence of culture, it has led to ignorance of the other senses which has also influenced architecture by making it one – dimensional. In order to prove this point, the author examines various structures of the past that have qualities absent in contemporary architecture. For example, the author explains the use of light and shadows in some famous structures and how a lack or limited amount of light contributes to the aesthetic beauty of a structure. He also goes to propose that light in the use of today's structures invades privacy and has other effects such as limiting the creativity of the human mind. With respect to sound, he says that although it has been taken into account in today's buildings, they do not aid the effects of hearing such as its interactive ability which was incorporated in structures of the past. Similarly, the power of smell and touch have not only shown to be important factors in architecture, they are shown to have an influence on the human mind itself. Therefore, by ignoring these senses in creating architecture, western culture has also experienced a significant reduction in the qualities that is attached to these senses such as intimacy which is associated with touch, warmth associated with smell and interactivity associated with hearing, etc. Therefore, the resulting structures are one-dimensional in nature and do not engage the individual as intensely as with structures of the past. Hence, architecture needs to encompass the variety of senses and emotions experienced by an artist rather than the dominating sense alone. The author also establishes that art is as much an interaction between the viewer and the structure as it is with the quality of the structure alone. Ocular centrism has not only led to a one-dimensionality of the structures but also a corresponding quality in today's artists that significantly decreases the quality of contemporary art. Today's structures are built with the idea of optimality and rationality than through the experiences of the artist. The author also cites simple buildings such as hospitals and houses for this purpose (Pallasmaa, 285-296). Human Rootedness The author's remarks are significant because of the importance of architecture i n human life. Architecture is a reflection of the characteristics of the culture of the particular period. It is the same reason architecture is studied in such detail while endeavoring to know about the nature of past civilizations. Architecture and other forms of art deal with questions that have been at the centre of man's imagination ever since civilization took shape. This is evidenced in the ancient cave paintings around the world to the relatively

Kazakhstan Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Kazakhstan Development - Essay Example International trade involves movement of people, movement of capital and movement of raw materials to and fro developed and developing countries. The beneficiaries of globalization are the developed economies since the companies and trade have spread to other regions in the developing economies. Despite the free movement of people and other business related resources countries are still struggling with unfair distribution of resources, slavery, limited use of technology in developing countries, destruction of natural resources and unemployment. Nigeria being a developing economy has not enjoyed the benefits of globalization due to slow export business, huge debts and poor economic conditions that scares away the investors (Onwuka1 and Eguavoen 2007, P. 45). This paper will critically evaluate the development of Nigeria’s economy as a result of globalization. Country analysis The Nigeria economic development has been influenced by the availability of oil. Before the oil explora tion the economic grew by about 3.1 percent per year while from 1960 they was a positive growth by 6.2 percent per year but from 1980 there was a negative economic growth but rate due to adjustment and regulation the economic expended by about 4 percent. This positive economic growth due to oil drilling led to migration from rural areas to urban areas (Ekpo and Umoh 2013). As a result of industrial development, migration to urban areas and oil drilling the agricultural activities were neglected and therefore the country started to import fundamental food commodities. Domestic investment and savings also reduced while inflation rates increased to about 23 percent by the year 1976, 41 percent by the year 1989 and 72.8 percent in 1995 but later the inflation rate reduced to 9.5 percent in 1998 (Ekpo and Umoh 2013). Redundancy and joblessness was about 5 percent from 1976 to 1998 per year though its hard to document unemployment and its estimated that the rate of unemployment could be h igher due to recession in 1990s(Ekpo and Umoh 2013). As the world trade and economic expansion were being experienced in several parts of the globe Nigeria was experiencing economic recession, unemployment, scarcity of vital food items and high rate of inflation and thus failure to catch the attention of international investors and low gross domestic product. Nigeria therefore need to address it export diversity, imports, minimize debts and provide conducive environment for the foreign investors (Onwuka1 and Eguavoen 2007, P. 45. Is globalization jeopardizing developing nations’ economic development? Udombana (2002 p.11-17) reports that globalization is an incentive that unfairly and unequally solve problems of developing nations by enticing them to democratize, privatize and decentralize ,yet, industrialized nations are at a comfort zone where their currencies are strong and terms of trade stable to handle any changes in the world’s economy. Hobdell (2001) asserts tha t this is seen so because, globalization is driven by the same colonial powers who launched global campaigns of imperial control of people and resources targeted primarily at the developing nations. In disguise this force is