Women in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay - 1167 Words

Women in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most famous plays. In this essay I will look at Hamlets perception of women in general but particularly Gertrude and Ophelia. I will also look at the historical presentation of women, comparing Hamlets time to today and seeing if the symbolic role that the females characters have is related to the period. Also I will look at Hamlets madness, whether it was real or not and also whether women could be the cause of it. Finally I will look at a possible ‘Oedipus complex’ in Hamlet. ‘Hamlet’ as the title suggests is based around the character Hamlet Prince of Denmark. This is why women are often presented the way that Hamlet sees them. Also Hamlet lives in a very enclosed world†¦show more content†¦A good example of this is when Laertes tells Ophelia to stop seeing Hamlet and she replies ‘I shall obey, my lord.’ Because we are led to believe that she is in love with Hamlet, this we be exactly what she do esn’t want. In medieval times when Hamlet was set, women were expected to obey their fathers and brother until they got married and could obey their husbands. This is why Ophelia had little choice but to say this. This is why Ophelia’s madness has such an importance in the play. It gives Ophelia the freedom to say what she could say before, for example giving columbines to Laertes to represent ingratitude’s and infidelity ‘There’s fennel for you and columbines’ Also her loss of innocence finishes with her eventual suicide. At the time suicide was a sin against God and so people who commit suicide weren’t allowed a proper funeral. Ophelia’s innocence is somehow preserved by allowing her a funeral even because of her suicide. We also see how Gertrude is treated by her Claudius and Polonius. The both boss her around and tell her what to do, even Polonius who has no right, by not being related to her. We see this when Polonius tell Gertrude that he is going to hide in her room and listen to her conversation with Hamlet. This backfires on him though as it eventually leads to his murder by Hamlet. Hamlet claims that he is faking madness but at times his madnessShow MoreRelatedHamlet And Ophelia And Women In Shakespeares Hamlet1306 Words   |  6 Pageseyes of God, solidified by the church. Hamlet adored the connection between his mother and late father. However, following his father’s murder, the lack of sympathy from his mother alters his outlook on the institution of marriage. Consequently, this changes how Hamlet views Ophelia and women in general. There once was love between Hamlet and Ophelia, but the union of Claudius and Gertrude shifts the strength of their relationship. Hamlet can no longer trust women or the endurance of marriage, whichRead More Women in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay784 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Hamlet† Throughout Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Hamlet† women are used as method for men to get what they want. The men in Hamlet, either directly or indirectly continuously use women to acquire something from other men. The only two women in the entire play are Gertrude and Ophelia, who are consistently used by the current king, Claudius, Polonius, and Hamlet. Ophelia is exploited by Polonius and the King (mainly together), and is also used by Hamlet. Gertrude is used by theRead MoreThe Powerlessness Of Women In Shakespeares Hamlet1473 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s world, women of all ages are given equal rights and freedom. In Shakespeare’s time, woman’s obligations were to follow the rules of the men and obey the men in their lives’. â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman;† Hamlet implies the powerlessness of the two women characters in the play. In Hamlet, the roles of Gertrude and Ophelia are very important in that they are the only two female char acters in the play. Gertrude, the Queen of Denmark and mother of Hamlet, and Ophelia, the lover of Hamlet, are characterizedRead MoreThe Role Of Women In Shakespeares Hamlet1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is generally regarded as the greatest of all Shakespeare’s plays and also one of the world’s classics of all time. In the play, Hamlet, has to take revenge for his dead father and the murderer is not only his uncle but also the new King of Denmark. Besides Hamlet, other characters also take roles to play, alternately unfold themselves and answer the question: Who’s there? Gertrude, the Queen in the play, deputizes for women who are always judged by men’s prejudiceRead MoreWomen and Frailty in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesWomen and Frailty The two women in Shakespeares tragic play Hamlet play larger parts than meets the eye. These two women embody the saying, there are no small parts, only small actors. While Gertrude, Hamlets mother, and Ophelia, Hamlets lover, are very different and lead different lives, they suffer similar fates. Both women have control not of their lives but of their deaths.Gertrude and Ophelia are anything but independent women. The two women need and rely on the strength of the menRead MoreEssay on Perception of Women in William Shakespeares Hamlet1309 Words   |  6 PagesPerception of Women in William Shakespeares Hamlet In Hamlet, Shakespeare carefully represents Getrude and Ophelia. Individually, Gertrude is essentially seen as weak and immoral whilst Ophelia is seen as meek and a victim of society. Collectively, they are seen to fulfil a conventional 16th century role, and it is as our beliefs and views of women change that we are able to perceive the characters in a different angle. At the beginning of the play, we get a veryRead MoreEssay about Portrayal of Women in Shakespeares Hamlet 1227 Words   |  5 PagesPortrayal of Women in Shakespeares Hamlet  Ã‚   Shakespeare was possibly the first writer to portray women as strong, crafty, and intelligent. However, he has still received criticism from feminists about his representation of women. Some have even accused him of misogyny. There are only two female characters in the play Hamlet - Gertrude, Hamlets mother and Ophelia, daughter of Polonius. Any debate based upon gender roles must therefore focus upon these two characters. Shakespeare portraysRead More The Role of Women in Hamlet in William Shakespeares Play Essay2041 Words   |  9 PagesThe Role of Women in Hamlet in William Shakespeares Play Gertrude and Ophelia, the only two women in Hamlet, reflect the general status of women in Elizabethan Times. Women were suppressed by the males in their lives (brothers, fathers, and partners) and were always inferior. Ophelia and Gertrude have little or no power due to restricted legal, social and economic rights that were found in Elizabethan society. The male characters in Hamlet reflect this sexist view pointRead MoreWomen s Tragedy : Hamlet And King Lear1185 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Pitchford ENGL 4037 24 November 2015 Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies: Hamlet and King Lear While William Shakespeare’s Tragedies are well known for their violence, tragic heroes, and fatal flaws, the method in which Shakespeare portrays his female characters in a negative light is seldom expressed. The women of Shakespeare’s Tragedies are represented unfavorably, no matter if they are virtuous or evil. â€Å"Shakespeare’s plays are not lacking in women with positive human qualities, and some ofRead MoreHamlet: a Feminist Approach Essay examples1224 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet: A Feminist Approach Sexism: the belief or attitude that one sex is inherently superior to, more competent than, or more valuable than the other (most commonly used for male superiority). This idea that women are weak is not a new one in the modern world. It has been studied for countless years along with the concept of a patriarchal society. A patriarchy is defined as a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. Such systems currently

Samples Essay Topics: the Ultimate Convenience!

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Compare & Contrast

Question: Describe about the fundamental points of differences between transitional and transformational change. Answer: When it comes to business change management, several issues have to considered by the figureheads and the creative thinkers present in top organisations. It mainly puts light on the concept of whether the change management requires minor planning or major planning. While managing the people present in an organisation, the first significant step is about the identification of change types in case of a specific business (Baker, Webb Wong,2014). With the help of this step, proper planning for the change process and supporting the people present inside the organisation is absolutely possible. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two of the major change types, known as- Transitional Changes and Transformational Changes (Christopher Madden-Baer, 2015). Transitional Changes are the changes which the leaders implement so that the existing processes can be replaced with some new beneficial processes. But, transitional changes are for the complete reshaping of the business strategies that have been implemented earlier. Transitional changes are quite challenging when it comes to implementation and this kind of management increases the discomfort levels of the employees more often. On the other hand, transformational changes result in shifting of the entire work culture as well as certain processes (Baker, Webb Wong, 2014). Transformational changes occur due to the response of extreme market conditions and unexpected sort of market changes. As compared to transitional changes, transformational changes often create an environment of insecurity, fear and doubt among the employees. So, here the needs of the staff have to be well-managed by the organisations (Jha, 2015). Transitional Change examples This kind of change includes- Implementation and application of new technologies Creation of new products and services New experiences due to corporate structures and/or situations, like- merging or acquisitions Transformational Change examples Transformational change has been observed in case of organisations when- The organisation undergoes implementing cultural changes and key strategic changes Adopting different kinds of technologies in a revolutionary manner Significant operating changes are applied so that the projected supply and demand can be met An organisation reform its products and services offerings to gain competitive advantage Dramatic reduction in case of revenue occurs The transitional phase in a company includes implementing new kind of systems as well as processes after dismantling the old ones that are generally unsettling for the staffs. A company focuses on clear-cut communication and interacting about the benefits and results of the changes among the employee base when it thinks about transitional changes. It also involves reinforcement of the staffs and giving job security (Christopher Madden-Baer, 2015). Employee contributions towards the change management and capturing views on this topic as well as providing regular updates about the changes to the staffs and encouraging them to join the training programs as per the new systems are the major phases of transitional change. When, transformational change is implemented, combined effects of transitional changes and developmental changes have to be recognised by an organisation (M. BabiĆ¡, SavoviĆ¡ DomanoviĆ¡, 2014). But crucial steps, such as- development and c ommunication regarding well-defined change strategies, SMART goal-setting, strengthening the rational for the changes, methodical planning to implement the new systems as well as approaches cant be overlooked here in case of transformational changes. It also involves the staff when it is about change related discussions, regular communication about the planning and implementing new systems. Reference Bos, J. J., Brown, R. R., Farrelly, M. A. (2015). Building networks and coalitions to promote transformational change: Insights from an Australian urban water planning case study.Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions,15, 11-25. Baker, M., Webb, B., Wong, C. (2014). Introduction Planning for infrastructure: transitional pathways for lagging regions.Town Planning Review,85(6), 679-682. Christopher, M. A., Madden-Baer, R. (2015). The Power of Alignment: Pioneering New Collaborations During Transformational Change.Nursing administration quarterly,39(3), 192-198. Jha, D. G. (2015). Preparing for Information Technology Driven Changes.Innovative Management Education Pedagogies for Preparing Next-Generation Leaders, 258. BabiĆ¡, V., D. SavoviĆ¡, S., M. DomanoviĆ¡, V. (2014). Transformational leadership and post-acquisition performance in transitional economies.Journal of Organizational Change Management,27(6), 856-876. Winkler, H., Dubash, N. K. (2015). Who determines transformational change in development and climate finance?.Climate Policy, 1-9.

The pope the jews and Hitler Essay Example For Students

The pope the jews and Hitler Essay OVER THE past four decades, the attitude of the Catholic Church toward Judaism and the Jews has undergone a sea change. On the theological level, the decisive event was the Second Vatican Council, which in 1965 finally lifted the collective charge of deicide against the Jewish people, reversing the longstanding Augustinian view that the Jews would eternally bear the mark of Cain. But of no less importance has been the current Popes personal commitment to reconciliation. Since his election in 1978, John Paul II has repeatedly broken new ground in relations with the Jewish community, becoming the first bishop of Rome to visit a synagogue in the Eternal City, establishing diplomatic relations between the Vatican and the state of Israel, and emphatically denouncing anti-Semitism. We will write a custom essay on The pope the jews and Hitler specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Indeed, no other Pope has had so direct an experience of Jewish life and suffering. As a youth growing up in the small Polish town of Wadowice, Karol Wojtyla (as John Paul II was then named) counted Jews among his closest friends and came to know the rhythms of Jewish observance and family life. He would later witness firsthand the Nazi murder of Polands Jews. Speaking of his hometown in 1994, John Paul II remarked that it was from there that I have this attitude of community, of communal feelings about the Jews. These recollections inform his repeated reminder to Catholics that Europes Jews were exterminated only for the reason that they were Jewsa bitter and sorrowful truth that seems to have become part of his most intimate credo. Against this record of institutional progress and personal sympathy, however, must be set the Churchs less than felicitous handling of a range of issues related to the Holocaust. The death camp at Auschwitz has been a particular source of contentiousness, first with the establishment there of a Carmelite convent in the 1980s and more recently with the proliferation on its grounds of memorial crosses erected by militant local Catholics. Both episodes have been seen as efforts to reorder historical truthcomparatively few Catholics were killed at the campand, perhaps worse, to appropriate the millions of Jewish dead into the sacred drama of Christian martyrdom. Similarly controversial was John Paul IIs canonization of Father Maximillian Kolbe, a Polish Catholic priest who had opposed the Nazis but was also the founder of a viciously anti-Semitic newspaper in prewar Poland. Nor were matters helped by the Popes canonization last October of Edith Stein, a German Jewish intellectual who con verted to Catholicism and became a nun but was nonetheless consigned by the Nazis as a Jew to Auschwitz, where she perished in the gas chamber. If these incidents seemed to reveal a lack of sensitivity to Jewish feelings, let alone to the separate integrity of Jewish history, no less disappointing has been the Churchs effort to come to terms with its own actions during the Holocaust. The Vaticans first authoritative statement on this subject, a fourteen-page document that had been over a decade in the making, was issued a little over a year ago under the title We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah. Clearly to the dismay of Church authorities, however, it was greeted with only lukewarm appreciation by Jewish organizations, which, while hailing the Churchs genuine desire for self-examination and repentance, faulted its unwillingness to confront unpleasant truths. Although this episode has attracted its share of attention in the general press, We Remember itself has so far received relatively little in the way of sustained analysis. But both the document and the response to itas well as the ongoing response to the responseoffer a good barometer of the Churchs evolving relationship with the Jewish people. MAKING ITS sympathies clear from the start, We Remember refers to the murder of European Jewry as the Shoahthe Hebrew word meaning catastrophe. The event, declares the Vatican statement, was an unspeakable tragedy, one that can never be forgotten. Moreover, the document continues, although the obligation to recall and understand the Shoah falls upon everyone, it is felt with particular urgency by the Church, not only because of its very close bonds of spiritual kinship with the Jewish people but also because of its remembrance of the injustices of the past.With respect to those injustices, We Remember is forthright. The Shoah took place, it acknowledges, in countries of longstanding Christian civilization, countries where anti-Jewish sentiment and practices were common. Over the centuries, the Jews of Europe had faced generalized discrimination, expulsions, forced conversions, and scape-goating that at times resulted in violence, looting, even massacres. Nor was this hostility someho w accidental to Christianity. Behind much of it, the Vatican statement observes, were erroneous and unjust interpretations of the New Testament concerning the alleged culpability of the Jews for the death of Jesus. .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde , .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde .postImageUrl , .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde , .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde:hover , .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde:visited , .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde:active { border:0!important; } .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde:active , .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4cf6d69881efa2871217194b77bc6dde:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Seeing And Knowing The Visual Arts EssayBut then, during the 19th century, things changed. The anti-Jewish animus, formerly based in religion, mutated, according to the Vatican statement, into a set of prejudices whose origins were sociological or political, springing from a false and exacerbated nationalism and from anxiety about Jewish influence. Emerging at roughly the same time, and of particular importance for later developments, were certain pseudoscientific ideas about superior and inferior peoples, ideas that denied the unity of the human race.What Nazism added to this virulent mix, We Remember continues, was a totalitarian ideology that assigned an absolute status to the German state and people. Refusing to acknowledge any transcendent reality as the criterion of moral good, the Nazis saw fit not only to attempt to destroy the Jewswitnesses to the one God and the Law of the Covenantbut also to reject Christianity and the Church. The Shoah, in short, was the work of a thoroughly modern neopagan regime whose racist anti-Semitism must be sharply distinguished from the anti-Judaism of which, unfortunately, Christians also have been guilty.Indeed, in order to emphasize the saliency during the Shoah itself of the Churchs constant teaching concerning the equal dignity of all races and peoples, We Remember cites several Church leaders for their acts of resistance and rescue. Three German churchmen are singled out for their opposition to National Socialism, as are Pius XI and Pius XII, the two Popes who held office during the Nazi era. Pius XII in particular is praised for what he did personally or through his representatives to save hundreds of thou sands of Jewish lives.At the same time, We Remember also concedes that many members of the Church in Nazi-occupied Europe did not do everything in their power to help the persecuted Jews. The spiritual resistance and concrete action of other Christians, it laments, was not that which might have been expected from Christs followers. Appalled though these ordinary Catholics may have been by the assault on their Jewish neighbors, they were not strong enough to raise their voices in protest. For the errors and failures of its sons and daughters, the Church proclaims its deep regret, describing its present statement, in another echo of Hebrew sources, as an act of teshuvahrepentance. Finally, looking to the future of Jewish-Christian relations, We Remember concludes by urging Catholics to attend both to the Hebrew roots of their faith and to the salutary warning of the Shoah: that the spoiled seeds of anti-Judaism and anti-Semitism must never again be allowed to take root in any human heart.WHATEVER ONES final judgment of this mea culpa, one cannot but commend both its tone and its basic aims. Throughout, the long history of Christian persecution of the Jews is discussed with candor and in a spirit of contrition. As for the Shoah itself, it is evoked in terms that leave no doubt as to the Churchs recognition of its horror, as well as its repudiation of any effort to deny or trivialize the event. (In the United States, Patrick J. Buchanan may be the best-known Catholic guilty of this relativizing tendency.) Nor is there any mistaking the sincerity of John Paul II when in a letter accompanying We Remember he declares his hope that the statement will help to avert a ny future recurrence of the unspeakable iniquity of the Shoah.But there is a good deal more to be said about the moral and historical worth of We Rememberand much of it, unfortunately, is not especially flattering to the Churchs declared aspirations. To begin at the most general level, it is impossible to accept the Vaticans effort to distinguish as sharply as this document does between Christian anti-Judaism and modern anti-Semitism. While it is tree that the factors cited in We Rememberfrom nationalism to race science to inflated ideas of Jewish influencedid play an important role in the emergence of anti-Semitic ideologies in the 19th century, these ideologies presupposed a cultural framework that had been fashioned by centuries of medieval Christian theology, ecclesiastical policy, and popular religious myth. .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4 , .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4 .postImageUrl , .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4 , .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4:hover , .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4:visited , .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4:active { border:0!important; } .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4:active , .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4 .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub0dbd8b571d1f1af92feef7a445ee5e4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Symbolism in A Streetcar Named Desire Blanches EssayA partial list of the relevant precedentsnone of which makes an appearance in We Rememberwould include the demonization of the Jews by the early Church fathers; the vast library of medieval polemical literature known as against the Jews (adversus judaeos); and the endlessly promulgated images of the Jew as Satan, anti-Christ, Judas, or Ahasuerus, the Wandering Jew condemned to eternal exile for his deadly sins. A number of the Holy Sees legislative actions against the Jews have also echoed fatefully down the ages. One thinks in particular of the order issued by Pope Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) requi ring Jews to wear distinctive garb and yellow badges, and of the decision by a succession of 16th-century Popes to confine the Jews of Rome and the papal states to ghettos. There is, of course, some validity to We Remembers claim that Nazism, by virtue of its neopaganism, stood outside the Christian tradition. Hitler was contemptuous of the effeminate pity-ethics of Judeo-Christianity, which he saw as completely antithetical to the Nazi movements heroic belief in God in nature, God in our people, in our destiny, in our blood. Surveying the Third Reich, one easily finds evidence of this primitivistic cult of vitality and struggle: in Nazi art and architecture, in the ideology of the Hitler Youth, in the determination of Heinrich Himmler to cultivate a perfect warrior-race of blonde, blue-eyed Germanic heroes, and in the work of volkisch sectarians like Alfred Rosenberg, who dreamed of a new Germanic religion. Pagans though they may have been, however, the Nazis did not hesitate to draw upon Christian rhetoric and symbolism to bolster their new political religionand nowhere more so than in their war against the Jews. Christian motifs abound in a typical anti-Semitic rag like Julius Streichers Der Sturmer. One finds there the crucifixion (Golgotha has not yet been revenged), the image of the eternally cursed people, the usurious Jew squeezing the poor peasant dry, the Jew as the devil in human disguise and as the ritual murderer of Christian children. Nazism radicalized these popular stereotypes drawn from the Christian Middle Ages, but it did not invent them.(*)The Vatican document is by no means mistaken to argue that the ideology of the Third Reich was profoundly anti-Christian; nor is it wrong to draw a distinction between Christian and Nazi anti-Semitism. But the differeBibliography:

Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essays

Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essays Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essay Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essay it is the failure to use dispute that causes the distress and low productivity, associated with escalating dispute. Dispute avoidance and the failure to develop an organization equipped to manage it, not dispute itself. Open, skilful discussion is needed to turn differences into synergistic gain rather than squabbling losses. CONSTRUCTION DISPUTE Dispute is inevitable in construction projects and it can be regarded as endemic in the construction industry. Disputes can either be avoided from the start by way of efficient risk allocation and management or resolved once it is occurs. The former seems to be more suitable to avoid unnecessary time and cost. However, the latter may be practical for complex issues which require third party’s interference (Edwards Shaoul, 2003). 2 Construction disputes are fairly common, and they vary in their nature, size, and complexity. Mark Appel, senior vice president of the American Arbitration Association, stated that â€Å"[t]he construction industry†¦[is] really the industry that sponsors our work. (ENR 2000). Although this statement may initially appear to be an indictment, it simply reflects the complexity of a contemporary construction project, which requires the orchestration of numerous interdependent components, including information, materials, tools, equipment, and a large number of personnel working for independent engineers, contractors, and supplier. Respected professionals estimate that construction litigation expenditures in the United States have increased at an average rate of 10 percent per year over the last decade, and now total nearly $5 billion annually (Michel 1998, Pena-Mora, Sosa, and McCone 2003). Osver the past two decades the construction industry has made tremendous progress in developing more efficient methods of dispute prevention and resolution. In fact, experts frequently refer to the construction industry as being on the innovative edge regarding dispute resolution (ENR 2000, Hinchey and Schor 2002). Despite the progress, there remains much room for improvement. Current practice in construction dispute resolution generally reflects one of two perspectives: that one size (or resolution method) fits all disputes, and that dispute resolution is a menu of independent stand-alone choices. It is more effective to approach dispute resolution in a manner similar to medical treatment – diagnose the problem first, and then select the least Invasive procedure that will correct it. Because the cost-effectiveness and timeliness of dispute resolution are critical factors, this thesis proposes a flexible framework – a strategic approach to dispute prevention and resolution that employs a neutral advisor, early intervention, and the ability to tailor the resolution 3 method to the particular nature of the dispute. II. Current Practice A number of different Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods are currently used in the construction industry. A few of the more common methods are highlighted briefly: Step Negotiation generally requires the individuals directly involved in the dispute to seek resolution through direct negotiation. If a resolution is not reached within a predetermined length of time, the dispute is elevated to the next level in the organizations. This process normally continues to senior levels of each organization. Dispute Review Boards1 typically consist of three neutral experts, who visit the site periodically in order to monitor progress and potential problems. When requested by the parties, the board conducts an informal hearing of the dispute and issues an advisory opinion that the parties use as a basis for further negotiations. The prevalence of construction disputes indicates that the current approach to dispute resolution is not effective enough. First, as evidenced by standard construction contract forms, dispute resolution tends to be addressed by specifying the resolution method(s) to be used. This â€Å"pre-ordaining† of the ADR method obviously cannot consider the nature of the dispute, and may in fact limit the parties’ consideration of possible resolution methods. When the project atmosphere deteriorates, parties frequently stop communicating effectively, become inflexible, and â€Å"wrap themselves in the contract. † Therefore, a contract that specifies a particular dispute resolution method, rather than a flexible process, may unintentionally result in the oversight of â€Å"less invasive† methods that are available and probably preferable. Second, dispute resolution methods are too frequently viewed as a menu of stand-alone 4 choices. Dispute resolution methods can be effectively combined into more comprehensive processes, where the benefits of synergy can be exploited to successfully resolve the dispute. A more effective approach would be a dispute resolution system that emphasizes prevention in addition to resolution, and includes the flexibility to determine the most appropriate ADR method (or combination of methods) for each dispute, in an effort to find the â€Å"least invasive procedure† that has a strong likelihood of success. Such a system would address key industry concerns, those most commonly being the cost and time required to resolve the dispute. III. Dispute Resolution Systems Design Slaikeau and Hasson (1998) present a strategy to develop more cost-effective business dispute resolution systems. They describe four summary methods of dealing with conflict: avoidance, collaboration, resorting to higher authority, and power plays. Their consulting experience has shown that the majority of existing dispute resolution systems prematurely resort to â€Å"higher authority† (e. g. , boss, arbitration, litigation) or â€Å"power play† (e. . , strikes) resolution methods before fully exploring the collaborative (e. g. , negotiation, mediation/n) options. Slaikeau and Hasson present a comprehensive dispute resolution system template that includes four major components: site-based resolution (between the parties, with an optional appeal to internal higher authority, such as a supervisor), internal support, convening for external ADR, and appealing to an external higher authority (e. g. , courts or governmental agencies). The template generally requires collaborative methods prior to resorting to external higher uthority. After site-based resolution, the utilization and sequence of subsequent components are completely flexible, including the ability to â€Å"loop back† to a more collaborative 5 component at any time. Progressive dispute resolution exists in the construction industry, but most frequently in predefined escalation specified in the contract; for instance, the DBIA standard contract forms specify step negotiation, then mediation, and finally binding arbitration (DBIA 1998a, 1998b). Groton (1997) presents four principles to consider when designing an effective dispute resolution system for construction: 1. â€Å"Consider the unique nature of the construction process. 2. Even when problems turn into disputes, litigation should not be the method used to resolve them. 3. If participants commit in advance to use dispute resolution techniques when problems arise, they create an atmosphere conducive to solving problems. 4. Many problem-prevention and litigation-avoidance approaches exist; these techniques are most effective when applied early in the project. The best practices for designing dispute resolution systems include flexibility, early intervention, exhaustion of collaborative options before resorting to adjudicatory methods, and controlled escalation of the dispute by using different ADR methods in a logical progression. IV. A Flexible Framework for the Prevention and Resolution of Construction Disputes Due to the number of individuals, organizations, and is sues involved in a modern 1 construction project, problems are inevitable. The desires (and/or pressure) to finish the project and a lack of resources for identifying the root cause of the problem contribute to the danger of delaying the intervention necessary to 6 resolve disputes. Timely intervention can also prevent reoccurrences of the same problem later in the construction process. Too often, contractors submit an all-inclusive claim at the end of the project, frequently fostering an adversarial atmosphere that threatens potential collaboration between the parties on future projects. A more effective approach is to ddress the issues quickly, while they are manageable, determine the root causes, and correct them. In addition to the issue of when to address disputes, there is the matter of how best to address them. Disputes vary in nature, and different disputes are more efficiently resolved through different methods. In the vast majority of construction disputes, some form of ADR is the most appropriate option. There are rare cases in which litigation i s the most appropriate course – those in which a determination on a legal principle is required, or the establishment of a legal precedent is sought. Even within the realm of ADR alternatives, a â€Å"one size fits all† approach cannot produce optimal results due to the varying characteristics of the disputes and of the ADR methods. (Groton 1997, Hinchey and Schor 2002). The question is then, â€Å"When is the best time to specify the ADR approach to be used for a particular dispute? † The 1990 ABA forum concluded that mediations tended to be more successful when parties agreed to mediate after the dispute developed, as opposed to simply enforce as a matter of the contract (Hinchey 1990). Considering these facts together, the proposed solution is to contractually specify a framework for dispute resolution that combines early intervention with flexibility in the selection of ADR methods, rather than specifying a particular method to be applied to all disputes. The proposed system concentrates 7 heavily on proven techniques to prevent and collaboratively resolve disputes, and includes the ability to tailor the resolution process specifically based on the characteristics of each dispute. A convenor – a neutral third-party expert advisor – assists the project team in implementing the system, and provides continuity throughout the duration of the project. 1. 2 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY According to Robert (2010), Until early 1990s, the dispute resolution landscape in Nigeria was dominated by the adversarial, daggers drawn mechanisms of litigation and arbitration, and counsel deployed these vigorously on behalf of their client. However towards the end of last decade, the Federal Government of Nigeria opened its borders to nternational investors, particularly in the infrastructural development sector, leading to serious changes in the business landscape and in the dispute resolution. There are now many independent power projects (IPP) and concession agreements and most, if not all, have some element of foreign participation. The need for efficient and expeditious resolution of disputes has adoption of international recognized dispute resolution mechanisms, w hether litigation, arbitration or some other form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). The adventof corporate entities investing in Nigeria, bringing with them their corporate culture including their preferred method of dispute resolution, has also contributed to advance of ADR (Marcellina and Okehia 1996). Tjosvold (1992): The idea that dispute is destructive and causes misery is so self-evident that it is seldom debated. Employees fight about many issues, but the wisdom of avoiding dispute is too often not one of them. However , it is the failure to use dispute 8 that causes the distress and low productivity, associated with escalating dispute. Dispute avoidance and the failure to develop an organization equipped to manage it, not dispute itself. Open, skilful discussion is needed to turn differences into synergistic gain rather than squabbling losses. Mark Appel (2000) stated that construction disputes, when not resolved in a timely manner, become very expensive – in terms of finances, personnel, time, and opportunity costs. The visible expenses (e. g. , attorneys, expert witnesses, the dispute resolution process itself) alone are significant. The less visible costs (e. g. , company resources assigned to the dispute, lost business opportunities) and the intangible costs (e. . , damage to business relationships, potential value lost due to inefficient dispute resolution) are also considerable, although difficult or impossible to quantify. 1. 3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY Dispute resolution is a very important task in construction because huge sums are invested in projects and stakeholders are eager to resolve disputes before they bring their projects to a halt and bankrupt them. At the project level, unresolved disputes can lead to programme delay, increased tension, and can damage long term business relationships as a result. Hence, the mportance of dispute resolution cannot be over- emphasized, and selecting the most appropriate resolution strategy is equally important (Cheung and Suen, 2002). It is for this reason that the industry has managed to develop and adopt many unique ways of dispute resolution (Groton, 1997; Harmon, 2003; Gebken and Gibson, 2006) and has thus become a paradoxical leader in both dispute generation and resolution (Gibbons, 2007). Because disputes arise from so many 9 different sources and are so complex, there is no single one size fits all technique for resolving them. Also, according to Groton (1997), the spiral of conflict, which can cause a simple problem to develop into a difference of opinion, then a disagreement, and ultimately a dispute, makes it impossible to use a single dispute resolution technique to deal with all successive stages in the development of a dispute. Dispute resolution methods range from the traditional techniques of litigation and arbitration to alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods including mediation, adjudication, conciliation, negotiation, dispute resolution board, mini-trial, and dispute resolution adviser. Figure 1 shows a continuum of dispute resolution methods with the degree of control of the outcomes by the stakeholders compared to both the cost of resolution and the extent of hostilities resulting from their use. The fundamentals of the use of these methods and their combinations and hybrids, including their relative merits and demerits have been extensively discussed by various authors, including Brooker and Lavers (1997), Cheung and Suen (2002), Harmon (2003), Chan et al. , (2006), Teo and Aibinu (2007) and Elis and Baiden (2008) 1. 4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 1. 4. 1 Aim This research is aimed at dispute resolution method in the Nigeria construction industry for the benefit of all professional and participant who desire comprehensive information on appropriate method of resolving dispute. 1. 4. 2 Objectives i To articulate the concept of dispute in construction industry. 10 ii To explore the origin, Nature and process of litigation, arbitration and other ADR iii To identify the method predominantly used for dispute resolution iv To distinguish between Adversarial and on adversarial methods of dispute resolution mechanisms available . 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will be pursued through extensive review of literature from text books, journals, magazines and other documents relevant to the research. Also a well structured questionnaire will be administered to a sample of the population for the study. The population will include all professional in the construction industry, i. e. Architects, Builders, Engineers, Quantity surveyors who manage co nstruction project at a senior cadre level in all categories of construction firms duly registered with corporate affairs commission in Nigeria. . 6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION The concept of dispute is extensive, but this research work intends to cover only resolution method in construction industry, using Federal capital territory Abuja, Kaduna and Lagos as area from which sample will be collected, considering that a lot of construction activities and companies are concentrated there. 11 References 1 Adams, O. (1997), ‘Contractor development in Nigeria: perceptions of contractors and professionals’, Construction Management Economics, 15(1), pp 95-108 2 Aibinu, A. A. nd Odeyinka, H. A. (2006), ‘Construction delays and their causative factors in Nigeria’, Journal of Construction Engineering Management. 132(7), pp 667-677 3 Aniekwu, A. (1995), ‘The business environment of the construction industry in Nigeria’, Construction Management Economics, 13(6) , pp 445-455 4 Bristow, D. and Vasilopoulos, R. (1995), ‘The new CCDC2: facilitating dispute resolution of construction projects’, Construction Law Journal, 11(2), pp 95-117 5 Brooker, P. 1999), Survey of construction lawyers attitudes and practice in the use of ADR in contractors disputes, Construction Management and Economics, 17(6), pp757-765 6 Chan, E. H. W. (1997), Amicable dispute resolution in the Peoples Republic of China and its implications for foreign-related construction disputes, Construction Management and Economics, 15(6), pp 539-548 7 Chan, E. H. W. , Suen, H. C. H. and Chan, C. K. L. (2006), ‘MAUT-based dispute resolution selection model prototype for international construction projects’ Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(5), pp 444–451. Cheung, S. O. and Yiu, K. T. W. (2007), ‘A study of construction mediator tactics - Part I: taxonomies of dispute sources, mediator tactics and mediation outcomes’, Building and Environment, 42(2), 752-761 9 a (DBIA 1998a) Design-Build Institute of America. 1998. Standard Form of Preliminary Agreement Between Owner and Design-Builder, Document No. 520, First Edition, Design-Build Institute of America, Washington, DC. 9b (DBIA 1998b) Design-Build Institute of America. 1998. Standard Form of General Conditions Between Owner and Design-Builder, Document No. 35, First Edition, Design-Build Institute of America, Washington, DC. 12 10 Elis, F. and Baiden, B. K. (2008), A conceptual model for conflict management in construction firms, in Jin, X. and Doloi, H. (Eds), Proceedings of Construction 11 Funmi Roberts F. (2010),† Cultureal Nuances in Mediating Commercial Disputes in Nigeria† in ARBITRATION, the International Jirnal of Arbitration, Mediation and Dispute Management. (Sweet and Maxwell) Vol. 76 No. 3, August Edition. 12 Gebken, R. J. and Gibson, G. E. 2006), ‘Quantification of costs for dispute resolution procedures in the cons truction industry’, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 132(3), pp 264-271 13 Gibbons, E. N. (2007), Effects of Litigation in the Construction Industry: stratification and Insolubility, in Proceedings of the Construction and Building Research Conference of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (COBRA 2007), RICS, Atlanta, 6-7 September 2007, rics. org/NR/rdonlyres/BF249E01-4710-49CE-B6DF- 2306264311C7/0/Cob2007Gibbons. df , viewed 01/05/2009 14 Groton, J. P. (1997), ‘Alternative dispute resolution in the construction industry’, 15 Hinchey, J. and L. Schor. 2002. â€Å"The Quest for the Right Questions In the Construction Industry. † Dispute Resolution Journal, August/October, 10-20. 16 Marcellina H. and Okehia O. (1996), Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Nigeria (Trenton, NJ: African World Press Inc) pg. 6. 17 Pena-Mora, F. , C. E. Sosa, and D. S. McCone. 2003. Introduction to Construction Dispute Resolution. Prenti ce Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 8 RICS COBRA Research Conference, University of Cape Town, 10-11th September 2009. Oladapo and Onabanjo, pp 7-22 19 Slaikeu, K. A. and R. H. Hasson. 1998. Controlling the Costs of Conflict: How to Design a System for Your Organization. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco. 21 Teo, A. I. L. and Aibinu, A. A. (2007), ‘Legal framework for alternative dispute resolution: examination of the Singapore national legal system for arbitration’, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 133(2), pp 148–157 13

I Write to Discover What I Know

I Write to Discover What I Know As a blogger, I see everything that happens in my life as a possible jumping off point for an article. There are writing topics surrounding me at every moment. And yet, I sit down most weeks not knowing what I’m going to write about. I face â€Å"writer’s block† on a regular basis. How do I manage to think of something to say every week? I scroll through various topic sources such as: articles I’ve read or that someone has sent to me over the past week things I’ve learned at a conference or workshop articles someone else has written that I might want to post as a guest post client success stories and challenges, as well as business lessons from the past week Topic ideas are a dime a dozen. But how do I land upon one that strikes a chord with my audience? Sometimes I start writing only to discover that it’s a dud; and so I start over. Today’s article began when a friend sent me a link to a page of chalkboard art. I looked through the images through my default filter of â€Å"Is there a blog article in this?† When I saw a beautiful rendition of a quote by Flannery O’Connor, â€Å"I write to discover what I know,† I knew I had found a rich topic. I started thinking about a class in law school, Alternative Dispute Resolution, where I first discovered the phenomenon of â€Å"discovering what I know† by putting pen to paper. Each week we were given a choice of 3 topics and had to write a page or two about one of them. Each week, I was sure I would have nothing to write about. But write I did. I got an A. Writing doesn’t have to be academic to be a discovery process. Even writing a shopping list can help you uncover previously hidden information. So can writing a heartfelt letter to a friend. If you are someone who writes a journal, you understand that you discover surprises about yourself as you let your thoughts flow onto the page. Often all it takes to â€Å"unblock† a writer is the spark of an idea; sometimes that idea must be accompanied by a detailed framework or outline of a full essay. If someone is having a hard time writing  a resume, going through How to Write a WINNING Resume  along with one of my resume questionnaires  can do the trick. Clients often tell me that completing that questionnaire is one of the most valuable parts of working with me; they identify what they know about themselves as they start putting it into words. I would like every person faced with a writing project to know that it’s okay to start out not knowing what you’re going to write. Even if you have no clue, try sitting down and writing, even if it doesnt make sense or isn’t related to the topic. Stream of consciousness is just fine and is a great way to discover your own thoughts. You might be someone who needs to talk through ideas with another human being and nail down an outline before writing. If so, call someone (perhaps The Essay Expert) to work with you. If, on the other hand, all you need is structure, I recommend reading â€Å"how to† books such as How to Write a WINNING Resume or How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. If you are stuck on your resume, try answering the questions in my resume questionnaires so that you have guidance as you start to put your ideas to paper (or to computer). I am a frequent writer, and thus an evolving discoverer. I explore how seemingly unrelated topics connect with each other. I dive into my opinions, likes and dislikes. I find out more and more about who I am and who I am not. Flannery O’Connor was right on target, as  I hope you too will learn as you embark on this path of discovery.

Technology in Education in NYC Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology in Education in NYC - Assignment Example This study highlights that  the NYC local government should enhance the use of effective techniques such as the Learning Analytics to assess the progress of education. The learning analytics policy approaches facilitates measurement of various elements that affect education. Learning Analytics facilitates the collection of useful information about the students, parents, and the community that can be used to regulate the use of technology in schools.   In essence, the use of Learning Analytics facilitates impromptu research on learning institutions to evaluate the functionality of technology in the education field. In this regard, all the stakeholders in the education sectors should be involved in the research in order to decide the most effective means of solving the challenges facing use of technology in education.From this paper it is clear that the approach used to address the issue of hacking and damaging of education devices presently in the NYC presently is ineffective. Eve n though hacking is monitored via online platforms, the infrastructure is not convenient for complex soft-wares such as the eSpark. In addition, the mechanisms used to monitor the usage of learning devices are defective. For instance, parents are not involved fully in the monitoring devices monitoring process. Therefore, the NYC education sector should consider adopting the changes discussed above to improve the security of education documents and longevity of learning devices.   Ã‚